The Man And Science Behind Token Economies - 1814 Words

The Man and Science Behind Token Economies B.f. Skinner once proclaimed â€Å"Give me a child and I’ll shape him into anything.† Today, our generation now knows that statement to be true. Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born on March 20, 1904 in a small town, Susquehanna, Pennsylvania. His father was a lawyer and his mother was an independent housewife. B.F. Skinner, as he is more commonly referred to, had a brother who died of a cerebral aneurysm at age sixteen. While at Hamilton University, Skinner received his bachelor’s degree in English. At Hamilton, he wrote for the school newspaper and confessed to being an atheist (Boeree 1). Skinner received his master’s in 1930 and his doctoral in 1931, both in psychology and at Harvard. He continued to†¦show more content†¦Freedom and Dignity reached the top of the New York Times Bestseller List in 1972 (Rutherford 1). Skinner penned many other books that did not have as much acclaim (Boeree 5). Besides books, Skinner also had many notable inventions under his name. When he was a young boy, he invented a device to remind him to pick up his clothes off the floor. Later in his life, Skinner developed a technology for the military that allowed pigeon-guided missiles to be used. Burrhus also invented a device called the ‘air-crib.’ He used the crib on his second daughter as an experiment. The idea was good, but the ‘air-crib’ never caught on due to it looking like a toddler aquarium. B.F. Skinner also invented the teaching machine. The machine literally taught children like a teacher using Skinner’s principles. He was so confident in the idea that he once said â€Å"I have no doubt at all that programmed instruction based on operant principles will take over education.† B.F. Skinner was clearly ahead of his time. Look at modern online courses and one would see a striking resemblance (Rutherford 1). B.F. Skinner’s ideology would forever change how people would see the science of behaviorism and psychology. Skinner thought it was much more productive to study observable behavior rather than the mental cause and effects of experiments. In this way, he would

The Authoritative Sources Of Economics - 1470 Words

The Authoritative Sources of Economics: Scholarly Journals, Economics Studies Publications, Research Institutions, and Online Databases Word Count: 1377 Introduction to the Authoritative Sources of Economics In the field of Economics, valuable theories and analysis are based on previous economics research and studies. Peer reviewed scholarly journals, economics studies publications, economics research institutions, and online economics databases are the leading sources in the field of economics. Experts and researchers in the field of economics focus on the study of cause and effect of economy by investigating reliable sources such as politics, culture, world ideology etc. Research and writing sources in Economics can be distinct from other discipline because large authoritative information is interpreted by figures, statistics and graphics. Researchers in the field of economics focus on how variables affect economy as a whole and they predict responses to future changes in market conditions or policy. Peer reviewed scholarly journals Scholarly journals in academic study are published by academic institution such as universities, colleges or research organizations etc. Peer reviewed scholarly journals have less bias than other type of sources because research writings need to meet certain criteria before publishing. The scholarly journal is usually funded by the university or related authority to support the research in the specific field. For instance,Show MoreRelatedFasb and the Standard-Setting Process1219 Words   |  5 Pagesof the financial statements. To achieve these, there is need to set guidelines that create uniformity in the preparation of the statements across the region. 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Nursing Pain Management

Question: Discuss about theNursingfor Pain Management. Answer: Introduction The report critically appraises two articles-one investigating the impact of 20 week aerobic exercise training on reducing emotional stress in participants and the other article investigating the impact of Kouk Sun Do, a mind-body exercise on reducing stress. The scenario is about Mariana, a single mother with 18 month old daughter who is a health science student of Australian University. Her daughter has severe asthma and Mariana is diabetic and has severe blood disorder. In the absence of family and social support, she suffers intense stress. The evaluation of the two papers will be done on the basis of evidence based practice to identify how researcher compares different literature and identify the gap in the field of study to carry out the investigation (Polit Beck, 2013). The first critical appraisal paper is a randomized controlled study and another is qualitative pilot study. The purpose of the report is to critically appraise the two papers and determine its strength and wea kness to assess which is more relevant to reduce stress and improve mood in case of Mariana. Part 1- Appraisal Paper 1 Author- Von Haaren et al., (2015). Journal- Journal of psychology of sport and exercise Ethical considerations- The research was carried out ethically with permissions from University. Title- The impact of ambulatory assessment and the reduction of emotional stress after participation in 20 week aerobic exercise training. Abstract- The abstract of the journal article effectively provides a brief summary of the journal of the purpose and method of conducting a research. The aim of the study was to investigate the improvement in emotional stress reactivity after 20 weeks of aerobic exercise. The whole process of investigation has been summarized in a cohesive way by which a person can easily understand the research and it contributes to credibility of the work (Elo et al., 2014). Purpose- The purpose of carrying out any research is very essential as it clearly reports what is missing in the field of study and what needs to be known further to get better understanding on the topic (Thornton, 2013). The significance of the research became evident when the researcher analyzed existing literature to find that physiological stress reactivity has been studied but very little research has been done on assessing emotional stress response (Lataster et al., 2013).. Existing research on relation between exercise and emotional stress reactivity has many limitations and nothing has been studied regarding its effect on exercise in real life setting. Hence the purpose of investigation became clear (Von Haaren et al., 2015). Methods/ Design- There were different scale for assessment of moods, perceived stress and aerobic capacity of participants. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 61 engineering participants in which the control group received cardiopulmonary exercise test after the end of research while the other group, the stress level was assessed two times during the exam period. The experimental group was given aerobic running training and the outcome of the cardiopulmonary test was assessed running speed and lactate threshold. The method was useful as it used statistical analysis with maximum oxygen consumption to determine the efficacy of intervention. Discussion- The results showed that there was no difference cardiopulmonary testing parameter between control group and intervention group before the intervention. However, aerobic capacity in the intervention group increased by 8.7% post intervention, while in control group the aerobic capacity increased by 5.6%. Hence the author was successful in proving that 20 week aerobic exercise lowers emotional response to stress in real life. The study was also consistent with the research by Klaperski et al., (2013) which showed more physically active group had lower reactivity to stress response Limitations- The limitation of the finding is that the study findings cannot be readily accepted as the study was done only on same age group of healthy people. Greater insights to the effect on stress response could be been determined by carrying out the research other group of people. There was also gap in assessment as no physiology triggered assessment tool was utilized and hence highly stressful moments might have been missed. Conclusion- This research is significant to change the concept of stress response people. The normal trend is that people in stress resort to sub-optimal activities. Hence, exercise has long term health benefits and it reduces stress and depression in life. The positive is possible due to the effects of exercise on mood. Levels and hierarchy of evidence-The research article come under the hierarchy of unfiltered information as the study was conducted using the randomized controlled trials (NHMRC, 2009). Under JBI level of evidence, it comes under experimental studies (JBI, 2016) and under 6S hierarchy it comes under the lowest hierarchy of published journals Applicability- This intervention mentioned in the research can be applied for stress reduction in Mariana if she starts doing regular physical exercise in her life Strength/weaknesses- The findings of the research is useful in changing the concepts of development of stress and gives new insight into the idea of physical exercise acting as an intervention to reduce stress in life. The weakness of the study is that stress is also caused by environmental and social stressors and the interaction of this factor in stress response has not been considered. Part 2- Appraisal Paper 2 Author- Kim, J., Yang, H., Schroeppel, S. (2013). Journal- Health education journal Ethical consideration- The ethical consideration for research was considered by taking approval for the project from the Universitys Institutional Review Board and informed consent were taken from all the participants. Title- A pilot study exploring the impact of Kouk Sun Do (KSD) on participants with anxiety. Abstract- KSD sessions were conducted in treatment group over three times per week and stress level and coping with stress for participants were also assessed before and after intervention (Kim et al., 2013). The study findings supported the fact that relaxation method is useful in reducing anxiety symptoms as it was also effective in reducing pain and anxiety in patients with hip arthroplasty (Byky?lmaz A?t?, 2013). Purpose- Mindfulness training is beneficial in regulation of emotions and treating symptoms of anxiety disorder. Change in neural mechanism is responsible for this improvement in stress response (Hlzel et al., 2013). The researcher focused on investigating the effect Kouk Sun Do, a traditional method of meditative exercise of Korea because the efficacy of this technique has not been evaluated. The criteria for selecting participants were possible because the University students as they are vulnerable to increased anxiety and depression compared to other students. Methods/ Design- Participants with anxiety symptoms were selected and the treatment groups had to attend KSD sessions while control groups were given the intervention after the treatment group. In the last session, the effects of the session were analyzed by taking feedback from participants (Kim et al., 2013). The data obtained were analyzed using the repeated measure analysis of variance to determine the effect of intervention. The choice of data analysis method is effective, as it is relevant to those experiment were repeated data is taken from participants more than once (Maurissen Vidmar, 2016). Discussion- Feedback from participants mostly revealed that KSD helped them relax their mind and body. The positive impact was also seen in daily life routines were participants were successful in handling stressful situations. The study findings were also consistent with previous research on similar topic thus giving support to previous work. Limitations- The small sample size is the major limitation of the research as it showed that significance statitistical difference could not be obtained, Conclusion- From the analysis of research study, it became evident that KSD intervention can be beneficial when performed regularly and the research was the evidence for enhancing anxiety symptoms in people with stress. It was also found that coping strategies is interlinked with time and characteristics of people (Kim et al., 2013). Levels and hierarchy of evidence- The research comes under level II of randomized controlled trial as the research was conducted with control group and intervention group (NHMRC, 2009). In JBI level of evidence it comes under top hierarchy of experimental studies (JBI, 2016). It is unfiltered information and comes under evidence based abstraction journals (Dicenso et al., 2016). Applicability- The intervention mentioned in the study had great implication in treating Mariana and reducing her stress and anxiety. Strengths/weaknesses- The strength of the research is that it was useful in providing an alternative approach to enhance mental health in patients with depression. However, due to small number of participant studied in the research, the study cannot be readily reliable and research with diverse group is required to determine the credibility of intervention. Justification of Strongest Evidence Related to Scenario In the case scenario of Mariana who is a single mother suffering from stress and diabetes, it is essential to find an intervention that helps in improving her response to daily life stressors and reduced her anxiety symptoms. After the analysis of research paper on the effect of aerobic exercise and Kouk Sun Do, it can be said that the second paper on mind-body exercise is the most strongest evidenced related to treating Mariana. This is because Kouk Sun Do combines the element of physical exercise like yoga and meditative exercise too to achieve improvement in stress response. A research study by Bamber Schneider, (2016) also supports the fact that mindfulness-based meditation is useful to decrease stress. It is similar to the study by Kim et al., (2013) as this research was also carried out with college students suffering from anxiety. Mariana is also a University student and so the stress level experinced by her is similar to the participant in the research study. The reserach by Bamber Schneider, (2016) is an effective evidence to support the efficacy of mind-based intervnetion because in this case the research analysed many literature investigating the effectiveness of such intervention on reducing stress. Majority of evidence supported the fact that mind-based treatment lead to decrease in anxiety and increase in mindfulness. The strength of the second article is beacuse of the fact that it considered the frequency and duration of Kouk Sun Do to determine is effectiveness in reducing stress. The first article on effect of aerobic exercise is not a strong evidence that can be applied in case of Mariana. This can be understood from Goldin, et al., (2013) work who compared mind based reduction and aerobic anxiety in addressing social anxiety. This literature is relevant to Marianas case because Mariana also experiences societal stress apart from stress experienced in University. The opinion was that mind based exercise improves emotional regulation and the neuro-mechanism is responsible for eliminating negative self-belief. Random patients were subjected to aerobic exercise or mind based programme and it was found that mind-based exercise yielded better results in reducing negative emotions and increasing attention. This change automatically leads to increase in stress response. Hence, regulation of emotion during mind based exercise like Kouk Sun Do is an important psychological factor to reduce stress in patients. Hence, the benefit of Kouk Sun Do is more compared to phys ical activity in reducing stress and this is the strongest evidence that can applied to treat Mariana and reduce her symptoms. Conclusion The report critically appraised two articles on different intervention to reduce stress and emotional response in patients with anxiety syndrome. The report summarized the paper on effect of aerobic exercise and mind-based exercising in reducing stress and depression. Critical evaluation of the research article was done to find the applicability of the findings in case of scenario. The scenario related to Maraina required an approach for stress reduction and mood improvement in Mariana. The applicability of the two papers was analyzed by identifying weakness and strength in the study. Finally, the second paper on Kouk Sun Do as an intervention to reduce stress response was found to be the strongest evidence to applied in case of Mariana. This was supported by other literature which showed that mind-based exercise exhibits neural mechanism to regulate emotions and improve stress symptoms. Reference Bamber, M. D., Schneider, J. K. (2016). Mindfulness-based meditation to decrease stress and anxiety in college students: A narrative synthesis of the research.Educational Research Review,18, 1-32. Byky?lmaz, F., A?t?, T. (2013). The effect of relaxation techniques and back massage on pain and anxiety in Turkish total hip or knee arthroplasty patients.Pain Management Nursing,14(3), 143-154. Dicenso, A., Bayley, L., Haynes, R.B. (2016).Accessing pre-appraised evidence: fine-tuning the 5S model into a 6S model. - PubMed - NCBI.Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 21 October 2016, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19779069 Elo, S., Kriinen, M., Kanste, O., Plkki, T., Utriainen, K., Kyngs, H. (2014). Qualitative content analysis.Sage Open,4(1), 2158244014522633. Goldin, P., Ziv, M., Jazaieri, H., Hahn, K., Gross, J. J. (2013). MBSR vs aerobic exercise in social anxiety: fMRI of emotion regulation of negative self-beliefs.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,8(1), 65-72. Hlzel, B. K., Hoge, E. A., Greve, D. N., Gard, T., Creswell, J. D., Brown, K. W., ... Lazar, S. W. (2013). Neural mechanisms of symptom improvements in generalized anxiety disorder following mindfulness training.NeuroImage: Clinical,2, 448-458. Kim, J., Yang, H., Schroeppel, S. (2013). A pilot study examining the effects of kouk sun do on university students with anxiety symptoms: The effects of kouk sun do on mental health.Stress and Health,29(2), 99-107. doi:10.1002/smi.2431 Klaperski, S., von Dawans, B., Heinrichs, M., Fuchs, R. (2013). Does the level of physical exercise affect physiological and psychological responses to psychosocial stress in women?Psychology of Sport and Exercise,14(2), 266-274. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.11.003 Lataster, T., Valmaggia, L., Lardinois, M., Van Os, J., Myin-Germeys, I. (2013). Increased stress reactivity: a mechanism specifically associated with the positive symptoms of psychotic disorder.Psychological medicine,43(07), 1389-1400. Maurissen, J. P., Vidmar, T. J. (2016). Repeated-Measure Analyses: Which One? A Survey of Statistical Models and Recommendations for Reporting.Neurotoxicology and Teratology. National Health and Medical Research Council [NHMRC]. (2009). NHMRC additional levels of evidence and grades for recommendation for developers of guidelines. Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T. (2013).Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. The JBI Approach | JBI. (2016).Joannabriggs.org. Retrieved 21 October 2016, from https://joannabriggs.org/jbi-approach.html Thornton, H. (2013). We need to ask what is the purpose of research?. von Haaren, B., Haertel, S., Stumpp, J., Hey, S., Ebner-Priemer, U. (2015). Reduced emotional stress reactivity to a real-life academic examination stressor in students participating in a 20-week aerobic exercise training: A randomised controlled trial using ambulatory assessment.Psychology of Sport and Exercise,20, 67-75. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.04.004

The Ural Tales Review Essay Example

The Ural Tales Review Paper Essay on The Ural Tales Often hooligans frighten children Baba egoy, Gray Wolf, etc. Me it is absolutely not scared, I on the contrary would say, Just let them stick their noses. I know a couple of tricks. But she was afraid of lizards! Every summer, they suddenly appeared in our garden. One day after the next meeting with the lizard and blowing lacrimal streams dad just reassured: This is a servant of the Mistress of Copper Mountain! There is an assumption that in our garden goes lizards movement line from the Urals to the Alps. To exchange experiences But The question is being studied. - and pointed to the terrace, from where came the familiar words from childhood reasonably , hypothesis , etc. But the Urals and the Mistress of Copper Mountain it sounded new. And soon, along with the book, under the melodious voice of my nurses opened the world to me fabulous, bright, shiny, malachite, blue tits, Mistress of Copper Mountain, stone flower, a great runner, Tayushkinym mirror, Ognevushka-poskakushkoy, si lver hoof and the Ural mountains. Tales Bazhov, it is not just invented stories. Bazhov traveled to the Urals and the collected material, communicating with the people. I love re-reading Blue Snake about two friends Lanco Puzhanko yes Leiko cap. Once they had a good laugh over Maryushka, suitors were not from her. Good girl, yes kosorotenkaya. She wondered with sex. Comb hair combed, and then hung it in the closet, and on the morning of a hair on the crest will be such and groom. The boys all slept until the comb combed the horse. You understand what the girl resentment left. The entire village over it began to laugh. And now met friends Blue zmeku. It does not crawl, and spins a ring, Golovenko expose and tail rests, and rolls. Right from her golden jet fray, and left black. Two are found if the one gold, another mountain. Generally friends passed the test. A case had been read for yourself. But most importantly, from this tale that friendship is more important than gold, now is good in action is manifested not just in words, and the opponents piece did not open his rotok. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ural Tales Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Ural Tales Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Ural Tales Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer About all the tales you will not write. Read them right. Both adults and children. Written a special lyrical language, with specific intonations and melodious dialect. In our country today is not the ideology of respect for labor. Not to mention the respect of others labor. Half of the country, working in the state-owned enterprises do not receive salaries. This Oil Gas Power! And in the tales. But Mistress of Copper Mountain hardworking good people, protects and helps them in their work, showing respect for their skill, so they not only earn a living and doing business for the benefit of the people and the homeland. I have learned all that in life you need to work. And there is nothing wrong. Than drinking in doorways, cursing and all the troubles fell on the rotten market economy. Our nation is sick, difficult, but having hope. What is that hope? In a culture. And the story, as we know it is the foundation of culture. The tales Bazhov empty in the folk-epic presentation, but it is our history. And what begins with the Motherland? Of course, with history and with our good fairy tales and tales.

Caracter Sketch of Cider House Rules essays

Caracter Sketch of Cider House Rules essays Born and abandoned at St-Clouds, attempted in being adopted twice unsuccessfully, and raised as a son in an orphanage by Dr. Larch, Homer Wells grows up being the assistant of the physician. Over the years, even though he has never attended medical school, Homer has managed to accumulate what it takes to become a doctor. He knows all the right obstetrical procedures. In the eyes of Dr. Larch, Homer would become his perfect replacement at the orphanage. Homer, however, doesn't seem too thrilled about it; he doesn't like medicine too much and refuses to perform abortions. He doesnt believe in this practice because he feels that life is precious, and is thankful that his mom had put him up for adoption and not abortion. Homer was first introduced as a naive, intellectual, meticulous and innocent young man, longing to see and experience the world and to get a chance to choose his path, to make his choices in life. We notice how at first there was a moral conflict with Dr. Larch. He spends his time playing with the children, telling stories, watches movies and sleeps in the same room with them at night, as we can see there's a strong bond. He shares their worries and concerns and witnesses, every time a couple comes to visit, the disappointment of the ones who are not selected. He always seems to be friendly and gets along with everyone. Several events have changed our main character. When the young couple (Candy and Wally) seeks an abortion at the orphanage; Homer takes this opportunity to leave the place. He asks for a ride to where theyre heading. He becomes friends with them and they offer him a job as an apple picker. He meets many people and slowly falls in love with Candy while Wally is off flying missions against Japan. When Wally comes back paralyzed and Dr. Larch dies, Homer is then forced to end their relationship and decides to return to the orphanage. During his discovery journey, he has ...

The Best Strategy to Cure Your Marketing Team Collaboration Woes

The Best Strategy to Cure Your Marketing Team Collaboration Woes Marketing teams have it tough. You’re one of the few departments that are expected to have a pulse on what every other department in the company is up to. From sales to support you need to be plugged in to understand what’s working, what isn’t, and how to improve. BUT, how are you supposed to master cross-department collaboration when your own marketing team is struggling to collaborate amongst themselves? Wouldn’t it be nice if everyone on your team, regardless of specialty, knew what was on tap and how they could contribute to each other’s success? Yes, it would. Contrary to popular belief, it’s not impossible. Here are the best, best practice tips for improving your marketing team’s collaboration. The Best Strategy to Cure Your Marketing Team Collaboration WoesWhy It’s So Hard for Marketing Teams to Collaborate Silos are a big problem for marketing teams. We’ve got Content Marketing, Public Relations, SEM, Social Media, Marketing Automation, the list goes on. And each of these specialties has their own sub-department, which makes collaboration even more challenging. If you’re a Marketing Manager, you’re painfully aware that these silios cause major problems. Poor collaboration is likely causing†¦ †¦ missed deadlines †¦ underperforming campaigns †¦ last minute fire drills †¦ and tension between your team members. However, there is hope. With a bit of bravery, leadership, and a solid strategy in place, you can overcome these silos and start collaborating better. How to Improve Your Marketing Team Collaboration It’s clear that  *a lot* of marketing teams struggle to stay on the same page. But what are you supposed to do about it? *A lot* of marketing teams struggle to stay on the same page. Heres how to fix it.Set Clear Goals Wait†¦ what? You’re probably a little confused since this is a post about marketing team collaboration, not one about KPIs. But hear me out on this one†¦ You’d be surprised how many marketing teams have conflicting goals and no idea how their individual KPIs fit within the company’s wider strategy. In fact, 29% of respondents included in this study  said they found no clear relation between their role and the overarching company strategy. Each team/individual should undoubtedly have their own KPIs, but there should be clear and consistent communication regarding how these are all working together towards a common goal. Here’s an example: Company’s main goal:  $50 million in sales by 2020 Public Relations goal: Reach 2 million people per month Content Marketing’s goal: Bring in 10,000 prospects per month Paid Search goal:  $5 $8 ROAS Marketing Automation goal: Convert 15% of prospects into customers Simply giving everyone a clear idea of where the company is heading and how each team’s KPIs help contribute can lay the foundation for good collaboration. Sometimes it helps to have a visual to get everyone on the same page. Here’s an example of how everyone’s goals fit into the marketing funnel and contribute to the company’s overall goal. Improve Communication Research  shows that improving your team’s communication can increase productivity by a whopping 25%. Improving your team’s communication can increase productivity by a whopping 25%.Sounds great, right? But communication barriers are one of the biggest hurdles for any team to overcome. Why is communication so challenging? Here are a few theories Firstly, marketers rely on outdated technology like spreadsheets to manage project plans, due dates, and tasks. These spreadsheets spiral out of control and leave you wanting to wipe the slate clean and start fresh†¦ so you do. And it works for a while, but the spreadsheet inevitably returns to mass chaos. Secondly, each team has hacked together a way to manage their own projects without a central, cross-team tool. This exacerbates the silo effect. Responsibilities and daily tasks become murky because they are managed across multiple tools. No one knows what they should prioritize nor when things are due. And there are a ton of meetings to try to figure it all out. (Fun fact: An astonishing 62% of marketers say wasteful meetings get in the way of their work.) Yikes. So how can you improve the communication of your marketing team?

BCA Compliance for atypical location requirements Assignment

BCA Compliance for atypical location requirements - Assignment Example The sustainability, quality and durability of the structure need to be considered. The structure should be in a position to meet the required standards in relation to the location that it is situated. The ability of the building to withstand harsh conditions, withstand frequent harsh conditions without failure are vital to its performance characteristics. The minimal reports on damages during fire, explosions, vibration among other factors make the structure meet the compliance standards. Some of the actions that need consideration for satisfaction are; the loads both live and dead that the structure is exposed to, force of wind, tremors and earthquakes, marshy grounds and snow. In areas prone to bush fires, the class I buildings should be in a position to offer resistance to the bushfires and minimize the risks involved in the loss of lives and building. Exit doors during emergencies should be installed to ease evacuation by the occupants during fire outbreaks. The design and the construction of the structure should allow minimal risks from the bushfire. It should be easily accessible to vehicles to help the fire fighters and the occupants ease of movement during the crisis. The location of the structure need to be in a place with abundant water supply. The fire fighters can also easily access the building and the water source. The bushfire shelters are designed for emergency cases. These structures must be designed in a way that they can be temporarily used for shelter by the victims affected directly or indirectly from the bushfire. Several factors need to be considered during the location of the private bushfire shelters. Analysis of vegetation, buildings within its vicinity and any other materials that are inflammable need consideration during the designing and construction process. The structure should be readily accessible and provide a maximum tenability

How Does Paid Employment Affect Your Identity Essay

How Does Paid Employment Affect Your Identity - Essay Example Marxist view of capitalist work: Karl Marx’s theory of capitalism is significant enough to understand the relationship of the identity of an individual with that of the nature of his employment. Karl Marx explained in his work, the role of capitalism in shaping the modern society. In his theory he mentioned the effectiveness of capitalism in maintaining a relationship between different classes (Klegg, 1990, p.55). According to the theory, the goal of the capitalist is to gain maximum profit in the business and generally the capitalist reach their goals by the exploitation of the labor class. The capitalist exploit the conditions of the labors by paying the labors with wages which are much lesser than their efforts they put in for the work. The difference in the value of the wages paid to the workers acts as a source of profit for the capitalist. According to the theory it can be comprehended that the motive of the capitalist are always fulfilled as they take an upper hand and decides the fate of the others. This nature of the capitalist or the employers identifies them as exploiters of the society and the workers or the laborers in the society are referred as the exploited section of the economy (Baiman, et al, 2000, pp.42-44). The general identification of the two broad division of the society can be attained from the theory of the capitalist work by Karl Marx. Karl Marx also held the idea that the economic structure of the society has a high level of influence on the thoughts of the human being and also guides the behavior of the people. The thought process and the behaviorist pattern of the individuals is a guiding factor for setting of an identity in the society and determine the overall reputation of the individual. The Marxian theory also classifies the social structure based on the nature of employment of the persons. (Anderson & Taylor, 2010, p.17) Ervin Gofman’s theory of dramaturgy and Impression management: The concept of dramaturgy was framed by the sociologist Erving Goffman, where he brought in the idea that the life of the individuals is symbolical to a never ending play or drama and the people are the mere actors in the stage of life (Ritzer, 2004, p.211). The theory of impression management was also devised by him where he stated that the individuals show a general tendency to manipulate the behavior of others in the stage of life. In depicting the behavior of others various factors creep which are social setting, appearance and manner of interaction of an individual. These factors help to establish the relation between the identities of an individual and the nature of his paid employment (Kendall, 2011, p.574). The social setting of a person is one of the guiding factors to determine the identity of a person. The income level of a person builds up the social setting of a person and subsequently helps in creating his identity in the society. An Individual with high level of income tends to have a flamboyant social setting does his best to create an identity among the people that he belongs to the upper level of society. On the contrary the lower economic sections of the society do not have much resource to draw the attention of people. Their social setting is devoid of any materialistic thing as they face hard time in fulfilling their primary needs. According to Goffman, appearance of a person is also a crucial factor in setting up his identity in t

Human - Ultraviolet Essay Example for Free

Human Ultraviolet Essay After taking the quiz, it gives me a deeper impression of what race really is, and provide me a clear, new, and accurate understanding about how we are different. From the previous study I knew that human DNA can be traced back to Africa population, we have the same ancestry. But I have never further my thought to think about why there are differences among us. The differences and variation of us such as skin color, height, and susceptibility to disease is because changes in genes and environment. After the expansion of human from Africa, those slightly changes in genetics due to the changes of environment that human are encounter with that forms the differences of our appearance. For example, the differences of the skin color is due to the ability of adapting ultraviolet radiation, and geographic differences from time to time evolution of the human being. Because of these differences occur, the word â€Å"race† is created to classify these variation among people in different region of the world. However, we are 98% similar to each other genetically, because we have the same ancestry that we start from a village in Africa. Racism is very serious problem in the world. It is a stressor to us, which would cause illness, and mental problem. As person who understand this concept need to spread the idea to avoid racism. Racism is a false perspective from the difference among us, because we are 98% the same with each other. ?Race Homework After taking the quiz, it gives me a deeper impression of what race really is, and provide me a clear, new, and accurate understanding about how we are different. From the previous study I knew that human DNA can be traced back to Africa population, we have the same ancestry. But I have never further my thought to think about why there are differences among us. The differences and variation of us such as skin color, height, and susceptibility to disease is because changes in genes and environment. After the expansion of human from Africa, those slightly changes in genetics due to the changes of environment that human are encounter with that forms the differences of our appearance. For example, the differences of the skin color is due to the ability of adapting ultraviolet radiation, and geographic differences from time to time evolution of the human being. Because of these differences occur, the word â€Å"race† is created to classify these variation among people in different region of the world. However, we are 98% similar to each other genetically, because we have the same ancestry that we start from a village in Africa. Racism is very serious problem in the world. It is a stressor to us, which would cause illness, and mental problem. As person who understand this concept need to spread the idea to avoid racism. Racism is a false perspective from the difference among us, because we are 98% the same with each other. ?Race Homework After taking the quiz, it gives me a deeper impression of what race really is, and provide me a clear, new, and accurate understanding about how we are different. From the previous study I knew that human DNA can be traced back to Africa population, we have the same ancestry. But I have never further my thought to think about why there are differences among us. The differences and variation of us such as skin color, height, and susceptibility to disease is because changes in genes and environment. After the expansion of human from Africa, those slightly changes in genetics due to the changes of environment that human are encounter with that forms the differences of our appearance. For example, the differences of the skin color is due to the ability of adapting ultraviolet radiation, and geographic differences from time to time evolution of the human being. Because of these differences occur, the word â€Å"race† is created to classify these variation among people in different region of the world. However, we are 98% similar to each other genetically, because we have the same ancestry that we start from a village in Africa. Racism is very serious problem in the world. It is a stressor to us, which would cause illness, and mental problem. As person who understand this concept need to spread the idea to avoid racism. Racism is a false perspective from the difference among us, because we are 98% the same with each other. ?Race Homework After taking the quiz, it gives me a deeper impression of what race really is, and provide me a clear, new, and accurate understanding about how we are different. From the previous study I knew that human DNA can be traced back to Africa population, we have the same ancestry. But I have never further my thought to think about why there are differences among us. The differences and variation of us such as skin color, height, and susceptibility to disease is because changes in genes and environment. After the expansion of human from Africa, those slightly changes in genetics due to the changes of environment that human are encounter with that forms the differences of our appearance. For example, the differences of the skin color is due to the ability of adapting ultraviolet radiation, and geographic differences from time to time evolution of the human being. Because of these differences occur, the word â€Å"race† is created to classify these variation among people in different region of the world. However, we are 98% similar to each other genetically, because we have the same ancestry that we start from a village in Africa. Racism is very serious problem in the world. It is a stressor to us, which would cause illness, and mental problem. As person who understand this concept need to spread the idea to avoid racism. Racism is a false perspective from the difference among us, because we are 98% the same with each other. ?Race Homework After taking the quiz, it gives me a deeper impression of what race really is, and provide me a clear, new, and accurate understanding about how we are different. From the previous study I knew that human DNA can be traced back to Africa population, we have the same ancestry. But I have never further my thought to think about why there are differences among us. The differences and variation of us such as skin color, height, and susceptibility to disease is because changes in genes and environment. After the expansion of human from Africa, those slightly changes in genetics due to the changes of environment that human are encounter with that forms the differences of our appearance. For example, the differences of the skin color is due to the ability of adapting ultraviolet radiation, and geographic differences from time to time evolution of the human being. Because of these differences occur, the word â€Å"race† is created to classify these variation among people in different region of the world. However, we are 98% similar to each other genetically, because we have the same ancestry that we start from a village in Africa. Racism is very serious problem in the world. It is a stressor to us, which would cause illness, and mental problem. As person who understand this concept need to spread the idea to avoid racism. Racism is a false perspective from the difference among us, because we are 98% the same with each other. ?Race Homework After taking the quiz, it gives me a deeper impression of what race really is, and provide me a clear, new, and accurate understanding about how we are different. From the previous study I knew that human DNA can be traced back to Africa population, we have the same ancestry. But I have never further my thought to think about why there are differences among us. The differences and variation of us such as skin color, height, and susceptibility to disease is because changes in genes and environment. After the expansion of human from Africa, those slightly changes in genetics due to the changes of environment that human are encounter with that forms the differences of our appearance. For example, the differences of the skin color is due to the ability of adapting ultraviolet radiation, and geographic differences from time to time evolution of the human being. Because of these differences occur, the word â€Å"race† is created to classify these variation among people in different region of the world. However, we are 98% similar to each other genetically, because we have the same ancestry that we start from a village in Africa. Racism is very serious problem in the world. It is a stressor to us, which would cause illness, and mental problem. As person who understand this concept need to spread the idea to avoid racism. Racism is a false perspective from the difference among us, because we are 98% the same with each other. ?Race Homework After taking the quiz, it gives me a deeper impression of what race really is, and provide me a clear, new, and accurate understanding about how we are different. From the previous study I knew that human DNA can be traced back to Africa population, we have the same ancestry. But I have never further my thought to think about why there are differences among us. The differences and variation of us such as skin color, height, and susceptibility to disease is because changes in genes and environment. After the expansion of human from Africa, those slightly changes in genetics due to the changes of environment that human are encounter with that forms the differences of our appearance. For example, the differences of the skin color is due to the ability of adapting ultraviolet radiation, and geographic differences from time to time evolution of the human being. Because of these differences occur, the word â€Å"race† is created to classify these variation among people in different region of the world. However, we are 98% similar to each other genetically, because we have the same ancestry that we start from a village in Africa. Racism is very serious problem in the world. It is a stressor to us, which would cause illness, and mental problem. As person who understand this concept need to spread the idea to avoid racism. Racism is a false perspective from the difference among us, because we are 98% the same with each other.

The Ethics of Shopping at Wal-Mart Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive E

One has to work hard to consider their values in particular issues and how strongly they feel. This is the choice many people make when they invest in mutual funds, and have no idea where their mutual funds are invested. Many vocal opponents to shopping at Wal-Mart might discover they hold investments in the Wal-Mart. There are 1050 mutual funds that are invested in Wal-Mart, some of the largest mutual funds in the world. There are many people who have no idea where their investments lie. If you want to be true to your value against shopping at Wal-Mart, you need to be careful to remove yourself from investments that support Wal-Mart. You have to review your investments and find out where your money is invested. Let's consider the case of the prominent politician, John Kerry. John Kerry's wife, Teresa Heinz was a highly vocal critic of Wal-Mart. An investigative journalist discovered that she had one million dollars invested in the company. She held a lot of stock in a company of which she was critical. This provides insight into the idea that you have to work hard to consider your values in particular issues and how strongly you do feel. Regardless of what you think of Wal-Mart, Wal-Mart is continually voted as one most admired companies in America by Fortune magazine. This is how Jerry Useem began the article he wrote for Fortune magazine: There is an evil company in Arkansas, some say. It's a discount store-a very, very big discount store-and it will do just about anything to get bigger. You've seen the headlines. Illegal immigrants mopping its floors. Workers locked inside overnight. A big gender discrimination suit. Wages low enough to make other companies' workers go on strike. And we know what it does to weaker su... ...oods they buy in order to have a saner, more livable lifestyle. 2 In conclusion, I agree with the noted shortcomings of Wal-Mart. But, I don't think people can argue that it's unethical to shop at Wal-Mart, that anyone who shops at Wal-Mart is unethical or believe it is ethical to point the figure at those who do shop at Wal-Mart. I suggest everyone first check their values and then their investments, and they'll discover they probably are supporting Wal-Mart, a company they believe is evil, via 401Ks or mutual funds. Works Cited Jerry Useem. Should We Admire Wal-Mart? Some say it's evil. Others insist it's a model of all that's right with America. Who are we to believe? Fortune Magazine February 23, 2014 From "No Place Like Home/Community and the Marketplace" (p. 191 - 193) How Cities Work by Alex Marshall, University of Texas Press Austin, 2013.

Literary Genre Essay

Literature (from Latin litteraetantri (plural); letter) is the art of written works, and is not bound to published sources (although, under circumstances unpublished sources can be exempt). Literally translated, the word literature means â€Å"acquaintance with letters† (as in the â€Å"arts and letters†). The two major classification of literature are poetry and prose. â€Å"Literature† is sometimes differentiated from popular and ephemeral classes of writing. Terms such as â€Å"literary fiction† and â€Å"literary merit† are used to distinguish individual works as art-literature rather than vernacular writing, and some critics exclude works from being â€Å"literary†, for example, on grounds of weak or faulty style, use of slang, poor characterization and shallow or contrived construction. Others exclude all genres such as romance, crime and mystery, science fiction, horror and fantasy. Pop lyrics, which are not technically a written medium at all, have also been drawn into this controversy. POETRY A poem is a composition written in verse (although verse has been equally used for epic and dramatic fiction). Poems rely heavily on imagery, precise word choice, and metaphor; they may take the form of measures consisting of patterns of stresses (metric feet) or of patterns of different-length syllables (as in classical prosody); and they may or may not utilize rhyme. Relaxation Through Poetry is a tool used to help someone relax in times of stress. One cannot readily characterize poetry precisely. Typically though, poetry as a form of literature makes some significant use of the formal properties of the words it uses – the properties of the written or spoken form of the words, independent of their meaning. Meter depends on syllables and on rhythms of speech; rhyme and alliteration depend on the sounds of words. Arguably, poetry pre-dates other forms of literature. Early examples include the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (dated from around 2700 B. C. ), parts of the Bible, the surviving works of Homer (the Iliad and the Odyssey), and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. In cultures based primarily on oral traditions the formal characteristics of poetry often have a mnemonic function, and important texts: legal, genealogical or moral, for example, may appear first in verse form. Some poetry uses specific forms. Examples include the haiku, the limerick, and the sonnet. A traditional haiku written in Japanese relate to nature, contain seventeen onji (syllables), distributed over three lines in groups of five, seven, and five, and should also have a kigo, a specific word indicating a season. A limerick has five lines, with a rhyme scheme of AABBA, and line lengths of 3,3,2,2,3 stressed syllables. It traditionally has a less reverent attitude towards nature. Poetry not adhering to a formal poetic structure is called â€Å"free verse† Language and tradition dictate some poetic norms: Persian poetry always rhymes, Greek poetry rarely rhymes, Italian or French poetry often does, English and German poetry can go either way. Perhaps the most paradigmatic style of English poetry, blank verse, as exemplified in works by Shakespeare and Milton, consists of unrhymed iambic pentameters. Some languages prefer longer lines; some shorter ones. Some of these conventions result from the ease of fitting a specific language’s vocabulary and grammar into certain structures, rather than into others; for example, some languages contain more rhyming words than others, or typically have longer words. Other structural conventions come about as the result of historical accidents, where many speakers of a language associate good poetry with a verse form preferred by a particular skilled or popular poet. Works for theatre (see below) traditionally took verse form. This has now become rare outside opera and musicals, although many would argue that the language of drama remains intrinsically poetic. In recent years, digital poetry has arisen that takes advantage of the artistic, publishing, and synthetic qualities of digital media. An essay consists of a discussion of a topic from an author’s personal point of view, exemplified by works by Michel de Montaigne or by Charles Lamb. ‘Essay’ in English derives from ‘attempt. ‘ Thus, one can find open-ended, provocative and/or inconclusive essays. The term â€Å"essays† first applied to the self-reflective musings of Michel de Montaigne–even today he has a reputation as the father of this literary form. Genres related to the essay may include: †¢the memoir, telling the story of an author’s life from the author’s personal point of view †¢the epistle: usually a formal, didactic, or elegant letter. †¢works by Lady Murasaki[citation needed], the Arabic Hayy ibn Yaqdhan by Ibn Tufail, the Arabic Theologus Autodidactus by Ibn al-Nafis, and the Chinese Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong[citation needed]. Early novels in Europe did not count as significant litera perhaps because â€Å"mere† prose writing seemed easy and unimportant. It has become clear, however, that prose writing can provide aesthetic pleasure without adhering to poetic forms. Additionally, the freedom authors gain in not having to concern themselves with verse structure translates often into a more complex plot or into one richer in precise detail than one typically finds even in narrative poetry. This freedom also allows an author to experiment with many different literary and presentation styles—including poetry—in the scope of a single novel. Other prose literature Philosophical, historical, journalistic, legal and scientific writings are traditionally ranked as literature. They offer some of the oldest prose writings in existence; novels and prose stories earned the names â€Å"fiction† to distinguish them from factual writing or nonfiction, which writers historically have crafted in prose. Natural science As advances and specialization have made new scientific research inaccessible to most audiences, the â€Å"literary† nature of science writing has become less pronounced over the last two centuries. Now, science appears mostly in journals. Scientific works of Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton still possess great value, but since the science in them has largely become outdated, they no longer serve for scientific instruction. Yet, they remain too technical to sit well in most programmes of literary study. Outside of â€Å"history of science† programmes, students rarely read such works. Philosophy Philosophy, too, has become an increasingly academic discipline. More of its practitioners lament this situation than occurs with the sciences; nonetheless most new philosophical work appears in academic journals. Major philosophers through history—Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Descartes, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche—have become as canonical as any writers. Some recent philosophy works are argued to merit the title â€Å"literature†, such as some of the works by Simon Blackburn; but much of it does not, and some areas, such as logic, have become extremely technical to a degree similar to that of mathematics. History A great deal of historical writing ranks as literature, particularly the genre known as creative nonfiction. So can a great deal of journalism, such as literary journalism. However these areas have become extremely large, and often have a primarily utilitarian purpose: to record data or convey immediate information. As a result the writing in these fields often lacks a literary quality, although it often and in its better moments has that quality. Major â€Å"literary† historians include Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius, all of whom count as canonical literary figures. Law Law offers a less clear case. Some writings of Plato and Aristotle, or even the early parts of the Bible, might count as legal literature. The law tables of Hammurabi of Babylon might count. Roman civil law as codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis during the reign of Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire has a reputation as significant literature. The founding documents of many countries, including Constitutions and Law Codes, can count as literature; however, most legal writings rarely exhibit much literary merit, as they tend to be rather garrulous. Drama A play or drama offers another classical literary form that has continued to evolve over the years. It generally comprises chiefly dialogue between characters, and usually aims at dramatic / theatrical performance (see theatre) rather than at reading. During the 18th and 19th centuries, opera developed as a combination of poetry, drama, and music. Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively recently. Shakespeare could be considered drama. Romeo and Juliet, for example, is a classic romantic drama generally accepted as literature. Greek drama exemplifies the earliest form of drama of which we have substantial knowledge. Tragedy, as a dramatic genre, developed as a performance associated with religious and civic festivals, typically enacting or developing upon well-known historical or mythological themes. Tragedies generally presented very serious themes. With the advent of newer technologies, scripts written for non-stage media have been added to this form. War of the Worlds (radio) in 1938 saw the advent of literature written for radio broadcast, and many works of Drama have been adapted for film or television. Conversely, television, film, and radio literature have been adapted to printed or electronic media. Oral literature The term oral literature refers not to written, but to oral traditions, which includes different types of epic, poetry and drama, folktales, ballads. However the use of this oxymoron is controversial and not generally accepted by the scientific community. Some prefer to avoid the etymological question using â€Å"oral narrative tradition†, â€Å"oral sacred tradition†, â€Å"oral poetry† or directly using epics or poetry (terms that no necessarily imply writing), others prefer to create neologisms as orature.

President Andrew Jackson Essay

Andrew Jackson, our seventh President of the United States, is in rather an ok President. Considered as the â€Å"People’s President† he was very straight forward and honest to â€Å"his people†. He takes his job seriously and possibly the most liberal president in history. His presidency however was neither bad nor good, but shared a fair amount of each. First off, the good qualities he had was the fact he had bold commitment to enforce laws and fight back against secession threats from South. Two high tariffs were passed during 1828 and 1833 which increased taxes on imported foreign goods. The south was outraged by the high taxation so under the Nullification act that allows states to nullify laws they don’t like. Soon after the second tariff was issued, they formed a convention to build up an army with the idea of secession. Jackson was so enraged that he was willing to use all the power he has to stop it. Fortunately he was able to make a deal with the Vice President John C. Calhoun, who was in favor of the south, to lower the tax prices. The south backed off from secession and things settled down. Secondly, the bad if not malicious duties Jackson did during his presidency was the force removal of Native Americans from Georgia to the west and the ending the National Bank system. The state of Georgia was against the Supreme Court who was against the removal of the Natives. Even though the Supreme Court won, Georgia as well as Jackson ignored it and forced the Natives out of Georgia to the present state of Oklahoma. Many died before they even got there. As to the National Bank issue, Jackson believed that it was a monopoly towards the upper class people and as a result refuse to recharter it. Jackson used one of his vetoes, and the Bank’s congressional supporters did not have enough votes to override him. The Bank ceased to exist when its charter expired in 1836, but even before that Jackson had weakened it considerably by withdrawing millions of dollars of federal funds. This later resulted in contributing to the Panic of 1837.

Language Trends in Vietnam

Language Trends in Vietnam Free Online Research Papers 1. Preface According to a Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, â€Å"By such innovations are language enriched, when the words are adopted by the multitude, and naturalized by custom.† Actually, there have been many innovations in every language all over the world, especially in the situation of growing globalization nowadays. The innovation can be the adaptation of foreign language, especially the technical words and common communication language. Moreover, it also can be the modification in the local language itself, which is facilitated by new technology, namely internet and mobile phones. The using of internet and mobile phones is so popular that people has created a system of alphabet and words for that community. It is unknown that who has created these modifications, however, it is obvious that it has been being widely spread out and accepted among the adolescence. This kind of written language system has been used unanimously. 2. Introduction The trend of modifying written language has happened in Vietnam in recent years and caused many contrast opinions in the society. While the young people enjoy styling their written language, most of the older people feel inconvenient and dissatisfied with that type of writing. The modified Vietnamese has suffered a lot of criticisms from the rest of the society who do not use it. They has used many arguments and showed their opinions via the media like newspapers. Within a few recent years, there were many articles from both professional journalists, experts in different fields and the citizens published to criticize the modified language. It seems to be a disagreement among generations and communities in Vietnamese society. Therefore, this research is to summarize the arguments from the opposers in various articles and provide some positive aspects of this trend then suggest some recommendations to bridge the gap between the two viewpoints. 3. Discussion of the real situation of modifying Vietnamese There are many trends in styling the written language among the youth’s weblogs nowadays. Initially, the modification resulted from the adaptation to express the marks for changing in tone and some special words in Vietnamese. Specifically, the symbol â€Å"*† stands for the bracket in the letter â€Å"?† and â€Å"?†, â€Å"^† for the circumflex in â€Å"à ´Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"(â€Å" in â€Å"?†. As the time goes by, the modification becomes more and more complex and turns into a medium which not only to communicate Vietnamese fully but also to satisfy the creativity in using language of the young generation. It can be partly illustrated in the table below (Thy). Original letters Modified letters Examples Before styling After styling a e lm sao là ¨m seo à ´ ? u hà ´m nay tr?i ?i hum nay trà ¹i ui b p bà ³ tay pà ³ tay qu w bi quan bi wan c ch k thà ­ch thik ià ª à ª i bi?t ch?t bà ­t chà ­t ph f ph?i f?i i j xinh xjnh gi j z gi?i thà ­ch j?i thik d v z và ¬ v?y zà ¬ z?y It is observed that some letters in the English alphabet is also integrated, namely â€Å"f†, â€Å"w†, â€Å"z†, â€Å"j†. The rule is that the substitutes all have the very similar pronunciations and the shorter writing styles in comparison with the original letters. For example, in stead of combining two individual letters â€Å"p† and â€Å"h† in order to create the complete letter â€Å"ph†, the English letter â€Å"f† can be used while the sound and the meaning of the words still remain fully (Thy). It is not the first introduction of using English elements in Vietnam. That Vietnamese tend to replace or add some common English words in the conversations has appeared for a long time. And now, it is the turn of some English letters which have similar sounds and shorter length in use (â€Å"Bang chu cai danh cho chatter†). In addition to the Westernization, another popular trend can be called â€Å"the numberization†. While the principle of Westernization relies merely on the sound, the numberization is more complex. It is implemented according to a variety of rules, often the association of both sound and shape, and even other languages such as English and Han Viet language. In term of shape, it is found that some letters have the similar shape with some correlative numbers; therefore, the idea of substituting some numbers is raised. In this case, many young people type â€Å"4† for â€Å"A† and â€Å"3† for â€Å"E† through many entries in their own weblogs. Besides, there are also several cases which is based on the sound, for example, in Han Viet language, the number â€Å"7† sounds like the word â€Å"th?t† which means loss or failure, therefore, â€Å"7 luv† is supposed to refer the lovelorness. Similarly, the word â€Å"chatting† ca n be only written down in the number â€Å"8† (â€Å"Bang chu cai danh cho chatter†). While some ways to style the language rely on some rule, others are carried out without any reasonable reasons. In this way, some letters are replaced by other letters regardless of their different pronunciations, shapes, or origins. Indeed, although â€Å"a† and â€Å"e† are absolutely pronounced in different way, the youth still tend to substitute â€Å"e† for â€Å"a†. The real situation of the debate in the press Actually, in recent years, this trend has already become a controversial topic and be successively mentioned in various newspapers and magazines. Until now, there were at least 17 articles about this topic. The majority (53%) were against this trend. Among those oppose articles, 2 out of 3 were personal opinions of the authors and there were 2 authors asked for the professional opinions especially from the lecturers, teachers and professors. In addition to the articles, some magazine, especially online magazines have collected the opinions from their readers. Last month, VnExpress received 36 responses for an article about this trend. Of the 36 people commented, up to 26 people, including 10 teenagers and adolescences objected to this modifications. 4. Opposed opinion from the articles The first argument is that these modifications are destroying the pureness of Vietnamese. Do Tien Thang, linguistic lecturer of Vietnam national university, Hanoi, told in Family magazine that language results from the habit, if this kind of habit which does not conform any standard is not be criticized and abolished, Vietnamese will be variant dangerously. Secondly, it is believed that these modifications are responsible for the poorness of soul, the lack of artistic, literary and linguistic skill among the people who use them frequently. According to Doctor Huynh Van Son, dean of educational psychology department, Ho Chi Minh City University of pedagogy, being under the influence of this kind of communication, people cannot be able to use and feel the beauty of their mother tongue (Mai). Finally, there are many complains in the various articles that it is too complicated to understand a writing of people belongs to this trend, mostly the young people. There is an increasing of the modified words appear in the academic environment, even a very serious exam like the entrance exam (Quynh). That is the report of many teachers in different grades, from secondary schools to university. Linguist lecturer Do Tien Thang from National University, Hanoi claimed that he could not understand those exam papers to mark. Those arguments lead to a common agreement that there must be some remedy for the problems. Many solutions rose by some professors that the mass communications should take the primary role in promoting a movement of using the original and official language. Particularly, professor Nguyen Nhu Y suggests launching a national program which involves the whole society, including schools, offices, newspapers, government and so on to orient the using of Vietnamese (Anh, Hoi) 5. Personal opinion about the situation It should be aware that this trend has happened in not only Vietnam but also other countries in the world even for a long time. Typically, English chatters and bloggers must be very familiar with â€Å"2day†, â€Å"B4†, â€Å"XOXO†, â€Å"thx†, â€Å"CUL8R† or â€Å"x†. Moreover, these unofficial words can also be found in a very famous and prestigious dictionary published by Oxford University Press. In fact, this trend has spread out in each individual language whether it is Latin or hierograph. MA Pham Dieu Ngoc (Sungkonghoe University, Korea) told Student newspaper that in Korean, â€Å"kurotchi† which means â€Å"really?† is expressed by â€Å"kuchi† and son seng nim (teachers) supersedes â€Å"sem† and so on. However, the difference between Vietnam and these countries places on the way the society facing the phenomenon. While Vietnam criticizes and appeals to prevent it, others seem to be more optimistic and a ccept it. It leads to a suspicion that whether the arguments that people provide to criticize the new language style of the youth is totally true. Opinion toward the arguments from articles Firstly, scanning through many articles in different newspapers and magazines, some negative words such as â€Å"crisis†, â€Å"trash†, â€Å"dangerous† appear so frequently that we have reason to worry about the unbiasness of these. Indeed, among 17 different articles about this topic, up to nine of them used those unsympathetic words for when mentioning this trend. Of the nine opposed articles, the majority is purely personal opinions of the authors. Only the author of â€Å"Ngon ngu blog lam hong tieng Viet† included opinions from the people who using this kind of language, however, in spite of those advocates, the conclusion is still against this trend. In addition, this trend cannot be blamed for the degradation of the young people’s soul and linguistic skill. Indeed, a recent study of Professor Sali Tagliamonte and Derek Denis of Toronto University, Canada can prove that truth. In their research work published in New Scientist magazine, the authors stated that these modifications not only have no negative effect on communicative competence of the youth but also give them a chance to play with language. Some suggestions about the good side of this trend The modified language has its own advantages toward the people use it, especially to the youth who is considered the founders of this language. It reflects the creativity to change the origins and the dare to express their thoughts regardless of many criticisms. It is also their adaptation to the technology and computer era. For example, when composing a message in a mobile phone, every letter â€Å"i† is replaced by â€Å"j† because it takes up to three time pressing the button to get â€Å"i†, while only one time for â€Å"j†. It is obvious that this adjustment aims to save time and bring about the convenience. The need of typing as fast as possible when communicating via the internet causes a trend to shorten many words. Following that trend, the diphthong such as â€Å"ià ªÃ¢â‚¬  becomes â€Å"i†, for example, the word â€Å"bi?t† is express by â€Å"bà ­t† and the letter â€Å"n† in double consonants such as â€Å"ngâ € , â€Å"nh† disappears when it stands at the end of the words, for example â€Å"tr?ng tinh† turns into â€Å"tr?g tih†. Beside the speed, these modifications also function as a means to show the emotion and the state of mind. Actually, the language used to communicate on the internet is mainly written language which easily drives the communicators to misunderstanding each other. It is impossible to guess whether that person is joking, sulky or angry by the rigid words. Hence, these modifications in written language can be counted as the tone in spoken language. MA Pham Dieu Ngoc also found out from his survey that because communicating in the internet is mainly through the carcass of letters, so people try to transmit the soul into them, make them lively. That the youth has created a fresh system of letters and words in order to meet the demand of communicating conveniently can reflect a big change in the history, the era of internet and mobile phone. In fact, these modifications have appeared in the time that internet and mobile phone is largely used by the youth and also implements their functions via these media. If there were no Doi moi policy, no innovation in economy, no big improvement in living standard and no growing popularity of means of communication and information such as internet and mobile phone, there had been no modifications in Vietnamese at all. Therefore, it should be considered a part of the developing history of Vietnam, which reflects a big change in the face of the society just within some decades. While many professors in various fields are worrying about losing the original language, they have no idea that they are also ignoring a part of current language which will be a part of history in the future, as an American poet and essayist in 19th century Lalph Waldo Emerson quoted, â€Å"Language is the archives of history.† Thailand has already experienced such situation when they now cannot understand some words in the documents from Rama V dynasty because the linguists in that time forgot to collect and transmit to the following generations. Therefore, to prevent the repeat of history, Thailand now starts to study and store the language of the youth (Phuong). Recommendation It cannot be denied that this trend contributes to cause the generational and intellectual conflicts in the society. The parents cannot understand their children’s language, the teachers cannot read their students’ papers and so on. This situation does happen due to the lack of the full awareness from the users. When asked about this problem in the survey of VNExpress, 10 people agreed that the problem lies on the behaviors of the users, not the modifications themselves. Not all of these people follow this trend but they all still respect it. Therefore, if there is any national program for this phenomenon, it should be an orientation for the young people to use this kind of language in a right place and at a right time, not an absolute prevention of using it. It is not a difficult task because the thoughtless using can bring to the very users the immediate consequences such as bad marks, bad relationships and so on. 6. Conclusion It is not easy for anything new to be accepted by the whole society. Despite many objections, there is nothing wrong with using some innovations in written language within a community and environment that all of the users and communicators can understand. Therefore, the experts should be fully aware of the current situation in order to define the right problem which does not lie in creating and using the modified Vietnamese but using it inappropriately. In my opinion, this kind of language should be let be in its own way because it only can exist if it is appropriate, if not, it will be eliminated and replaced by another trend. Works cited Anh H., and Hoi T. Tieng Viet Dang Khung Hoang. Khoa Hoc Va Doi Song 22 Apr. 2008. Bat Mach Xu Huong Ngon Ngu Cua Cu Dan Mang. Tien Phong Online 12 Feb. 2007. 20Apr.2008 . Huong M. Thuong Qua Tieng Viet Oi. 17 Jan. 2007. 20 Apr. 2008 . Ngon Ngu Sanh Dieu Nhung Noi Sai Tieng Me De. Netmode 29 Dec. 2004. 20 Apr. 2008 . Le, Hoang. Tieng Viet Trong Xu the Hoi Nhap. Vietnamnet 6 June 2004. 20 Apr. 2008 . Tieng Viet Ngoai Luong Vietnamnet 27 Dec. 2006. 20 Apr. 2008 . Tieng Viet Meo Mo Trong the Gioi Blog. VNExpress 11 Sept. 2006. 20 Apr. 2008 . Quynh H. Ngon Ngu Blog Lam Hong Tieng Viet. Gia Dinh 10 Feb. 2008. Le, Anh. 8x, 9x Lam Lu Mo Tieng Viet. (2007). 20 Apr. 2008 . Bang Chu Cai Danh Cho Chatter. Thehe 8x 7 Jan. 2008. 20 Apr. 2008 . Ngoc M. â€Å"Lam Ngon Ngu @.† Thanh Nien Online 18 May 2006. 20 Apr. 2008 . â€Å"Ngon Ngu Sanh Dieu Nhung Noi Sai Tieng Me De.† Vietnamnet 29 December 2004. 21 Apr. 2008 . Linh P. â€Å"Ngon Ngu Thoi @.† Cong An nhan dan 1 June 2007. Du, Thy. â€Å"Thang Tram Ngon Ngu Mang Cua Teen.† Muctimonline 5 December 2007. 2 June 2008. . â€Å"Bien The Moi Cua Ngon Ngu @.† Tuoi tre 18 April 2008. Phuong V. â€Å"Dung Hot Hoang Voi Ngon Ngu Tuoi Teen.† Thanh Nien Online 15 August 2007. 21 Apr. 2008 . Le, Hoang. â€Å"Nen Chang Co Nhung Cach Tan.† Vietnamnet 6 June 2004. 20 Apr. 2008 . Trong, Cam â€Å"Nhan Tin Khong Huy Hoai Ngon Ngu.† Vietnamnet 20 May 2008. 1 June 2008 . â€Å"Dang Cap Xi Tin Khong Phai O Bien Dang Ngon Ngu.† Online posting. 19 April 2008. 1 Jun 2008 . â€Å"Dau Dau Moi Mat Vi Ngon Ngu Blog.† Online posting. 19 April 2008. 1 Jun 2008 . â€Å"Dung Ngon Ngu @ Hop Li Thi Khong Co Gi Dang Ban.† Online posting. 19 April 2008. 1 Jun 2008 . â€Å"Kho Chiu Vi Thu Ngon Ngu Cua Dan Teen.† Online posting. 19 April 2008. 1 Jun 2008 . â€Å"Khong Chap Nhan Thu Ngon Ngu Quai Di.† Online posting. 19 April 2008. 1 Jun 2008 . â€Å"Khong Phai Cu Lam Giong Teen La Tre.† Online posting. 19 April 2008. 1 Jun 2008 . â€Å"Ngon Ngu @ Sang Tao Nhung Khong Nen Lam Dung.† Online posting. 19 April 2008. 1 Jun 2008 . â€Å"Tiep Xuc Ngon Ngu @ La Mot Cach Giai Tri.† Online posting. 19 April 2008. 1 Jun 2008 Research Papers on Language Trends in VietnamComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfQuebec and CanadaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaHip-Hop is ArtRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Top 7 Free Mind Mapping Tools For Students by Lauren Gartner

Top 7 Free Mind Mapping Tools For Students Mind mapping has been a classroom graphic organizer tool that students have used for years. Long before any software tools for this process were available, students learned how to take pencil to paper and create their own mind maps when they needed to: Brainstorm ideas for an essay or paper Organize ideas into categories or steps Prioritize ideas and concepts Benefits of Mind Mapping The biggest benefit of mind mapping is that students are able to see all of their thoughts on a specific topic or idea as a whole. This makes it easy to then do the following: Combine ideas or sub-topics that are similar Eliminate those that are duplicates or unimportant/irrelevant Organize and prioritize ideas or sub-topics Student use of mind mapping in order to prepare for writing is probably the most important use. Consider some of the possibilities If a student is writing a persuasive essay, the mind map will allow combining and prioritizing the arguments that will be used A character sketch – a mind map can be used to note all of the character traits that will be covered, and, under those, examples from the story or novel that will be used as evidence Research Paper Organization of Sub-Topics, along with reference citations for those sub-topics Plots for narratives can be chronologically organized Technology Comes to Mind Mapping It was only natural that mind mapping tools were be developed, both as independent software programs and as online apps. In fact, there are now a huge number for both educational and business use. Of course, for students, â€Å"free† is always better, and there are plenty of mind mapping tools that have free personal accounts. Freebies: The following is a list of the most popular free mind mapping tools that are easy to use, allow collaboration with other students, and have a number of features that make assignments, organization, and planning much more efficient. Mindmeister This tool is online, so that it can be accessed from anywhere and with any device. You can use it solo or collaborate with other students if you are involved in a group project. The live chat feature makes it even more attractive. Watch the demo on their website. MindMap This is a Google Chrome extension, with Dropbox, Google Drive, and Cloud built in. It can be used locally or in the cloud and allows the printing and exporting of completed maps. The other great feature is that you can add text, images, links, etc. and customize color so that sub-topics and sub-sub topics re easily recognizable. Bubbl.us This is one of the simplest mind mapping tools to be found. Once you type your main idea or topic, the tree begins. You may then type in â€Å"sub-level† terms, and they are automatically placed. You can then move the bubbles around. There is also an auto-save feature and, because it is online, you can collaborate with others. The drawback of this app is that you cannot add images, links or files unless you purchase the premium version. Xmind This is an open source tool with some unique features. You can export any map in other formats – PDF, TXT, JPEG, etc. It has tree, logic and fishbone charts, for personal preference and depending upon your project. The basic account is free but, as you add features, the price can go up to $80. Text2Mind If you are a beginner to mind mapping tools, this is a great starter too. You simply type in your main topic or concept and click â€Å"map.† Immediately, you map is generated with the topic in the center. As you type in new text as sub-topics, it is immediately positioned for you. There are built-in keyboard shortcuts and you can download to your own device as a PDF or Image. SpiderScribe This online tool allows you to place notes and files, as well as URL’s and reference citations. Because it is stored in the Cloud, there is easy access from anywhere and the ability to share with others (you can designate â€Å"read only† or â€Å"read and write†). Personal accounts are free. There is a great tutorial/tour video to orient any â€Å"newbie.† iMindQ Interactive mind mapping tool is flexible enough to fit different needs like business, education or personal use. The tool has two appearances - as an application for Windows or Mac and a subscription-based online service, giving you the freedom of choice. Possibilities like MS Office integration and Multi-Language support make this tool even more attractive. For students new to mind mapping, these are probably the easiest to use tools. Once you begin to use mind mapping tools, you will see the benefits!

FORECASTING Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

FORECASTING - Assignment Example 66). The mandate for goods of any customer is a Poisson process with passion. Time calculate of goods delivery from the wholesaler to the customer has a normal distribution with limitations. The policy in order forming for the customer can be presented as: A new order is positioned at the specific time, when the stock levels fall to a certain level the order quantity is constant. We suppose that the quantity is greater than the level arrived at. It is important to note that order reorder point of the level and quantity are control parameters of the first stage model. During this stage, it is supposed that the manufacturer supplies his production to wholesaler according to a fixed package. Therefore, the ordering process is considered to be within a constant period. The moments of placing adjacent wholesaler’s orders and order quantity is recognized as a difference between fixed stock level and the quantity of goods in the period of ordering. Therefore, the period and stock level will be control restrictions in the proposed model time in the second stage. The assumption is that every time a new order has to be placed in any condition in the event that the stock level is large then a new ordering should not occur. Commonly, the model would maintain the state of lead-time and quantity of goods at that time as soon as the order is established (Jain and Malehorn, 2005; pg. 241). This in turn is linked to the actual scenario where the wholesaler will use his own means of transport. In most cases, this part ways at the suitable time with fixed moments of time. However, this does not depend on the existence of the order and with the arbitrary lead-time. For example, there will be ferrying of goods using the previews that depart the 2nd and 16th day of every month. The Warnsley Ltd Company places an order after every two weeks. The quantity ordered at the beginning of the week usually

Sociology - analysis on social class Research Paper

Sociology - analysis on social class - Research Paper Example The upper class consist of the elite and aristocratic people , an upper middle class consist of highly educated and wealthy professional, a lower- middle class are those doing white collar jobs , working class are those with clerical jobs and poor are the underprivileged and unemployed lot. The life style of people drastically deviates according to their status and power. Their spending power and habits are enormously different and a comparison is less possible. It can be seen that upper class people find enough time for leisure activities and pastimes whereas the poor class hardly have means to survive. People of the upper class have the habit of reading as they are well educated but the poor are not of the habit of reading much. Even though reading materials are at large which cater to the rich and the poor? The magazines and books which the elite read are more parallel with their life style and activities. The business men and women are more loyal to magazines which elaborate on business news and political scenario of the globe. Business people are all time indulged in their profession and when find time they are interested in flipping through the pages of magazines which give a glimpse about business activities and financial updates. Forbes is one of such magazine which has acclaimed to be at the top list for its quality and high demand among the elite class. â€Å"Forbes has some of the best financial articles Ive ever read. The articles are deep, academic, and extremely well thought out†(Schlimmer ,2007). This magazine covers very well the financial and business news and that attracts the men in the upper class. The magazine also gives latest update on the rich list and powerful people in the society which is a big concern of the elite class. Forbes magazine gives a great insight to the industrialist with relate to the investment and stock market. It is a very trusted

Health Economics and Financing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health Economics and Financing - Coursework Example In 1960, the government spent $4553 million on health insurance while the private sector accounted for $1855 million as expenditure. The level of expenditure increased year by year and for 2012, the level of government spending on healthcare was $770,087 million. The private sector expenditure was $29,761 million for the same period. The governments (federal, state and local) are the biggest investors in healthcare in the United States. The data in the tables indicate that the government spends the highest amount of funds in paying for healthcare. This means that the governments are the biggest sponsors of the healthcare than the private sector. The government paid more for healthcare than the private sector (Mooney, 2003). The private sector plays an essential role in the healthcare expenditure. In essence, though the government in the United States is more involved and pays the biggest role in paying for healthcare, the private sector plays a major role in the same. The government alone cannot satisfy all the healthcare needs of the citizens and therefore the private sector comes in to provide and help the government in paying for healthcare. The trends for prescription drugs indicate a decreasing trend as compared to that of for hospitals. Comparing year 2011 and 2012, the prescription drug spending slowed down. It grew by 0.4 percent only in 2012 as compared to the previous 2.5 percent growth in 2011. The rate of use of prescription drug reduced and people preferred hospitals prescriptions. This indicates a growing confidence in hospital services and increased use of hospital services by the citizens (Cutler, 2003). The slow in the trend of prescription drug is an opposite of the previous years where citizens preferred the prescription drugs than for hospitals. With the increased government payment of healthcare, citizens now prefer hospitals than drug prescription. In these data, the

Past Madrassah Reform: a History

Past Madrassah Reform: a History The 1962 Reforms Since its inception, Pakistan has tried three times to undertake major renovations in the madrassah school system. The first reforms occurred in 1962 under General Ayub Khan. In 1961, a committee was formed to analyze the current curriculum and make recommendations concerning how best to reform the system so that graduates would be more employable. The resulting report was released in 1962. Notable alterations included: introducing courses like mathematics into the curriculum, instructing in Urdu at the primary levels and Arabic and/or English at the higher levels of study, and testing graduates in five exams including Euclidean mathematics.27 The second part of the reform strategy was to control the level of funding madrassahs received. Khan sought to strengthen the role of state institutions at the expense of traditional community leaders like the ulama, who he thought opposed his regime and thus limited his power. One way he limited religious scholars influence was to restrict who could fund madrassahs.28 The funding portion of reform was moderately successful, but the recommended changes to the curriculum exposed a core conflict that would derail the 1962 reforms and all the reforms that followed. To alter the madrassah curriculum meant, in a way, reforming the nations practice of Islam, which is sacred to the vast majority of Pakistanis. Since madrassahs produce the next generation of religious scholars, government changes to the schools that contradicted what the ulamas viewed as instrumental in training their successors had social implications far beyond making  modifications to a curriculum. Many disagreed with the governments interpretation of  Islam, and, as a result, rejected the proposals of the 1962 report.29 The 1979 Reforms The second round of attempted reforms occurred in 1979 under the regime of General Zia-ul Huq, and were far more extensive than the 1962 reforms. As previously noted, Zia was responsible for the Islamization of Pakistan. Under his regime, the nation became far more sectarian and Islam infiltrated more aspects of life than it had under past rulers. Unsurprisingly, Zia was very interested in the countrys madrassahs. The reason for the 1979 reform was almost identical to the one in 1962: the madrassahs were failing to provide adequately employment opportunities outside of the  religious sect, and thus it was decided the system should undergo modernization. The recommendations were very similar, as well-again reinforcing the necessity of introducing more modern subjects into the curriculum, including: . . . Urdu, arithmetic, and general science at the primary level; English, general mathematics, and Pakistan studies at the secondary levels; political science, political economy, and English as optional subjects at the baccalaureate and masters level; and comparative religious sciences as a mandatory subject at the masters level. The committee proposed an autonomous National Institute of Madrassahs to compile and revise madrassah curricula, supervise these institutions, administer standardized tests, and award diplomas to the students. The proposed national institute, the committee recommended, was to have an equal number of members from all four subsects within the madrasah education system, and representatives from the government.30 The Report of 1979 sought to create a curriculum that all the different sects of Islam would accept. That being said, the boards ultimately saw the compromise of their beliefs as a loss, because their students would no longer be ideal representatives of their branch after being taught a hybrid faith. 31 Though the results of the 1962 and 1979 reports were similar, there was a significant difference in the composition of the 1979 committee that authored the later report. This committee included numerous ulamas, who worked alongside government officials in constructing the proposed reform. The 1962 committee, however, did not include ulamas nor did it consult with them about which reforms they would support. As a result, the ulamas were originally more open to the 1979 report, as they felt they had significant input in the process. However, while they were invited to participate in the committee, they were not a majority voice on the committee and the committee was led by a government official, so some ulamas still resented the governments authority in dictating the final report.32 It didnt take long after the release of the report for many ulamas to issue reservations about the proposed reforms; others boycotted it completely. The 1979 reforms occurred at the same time as the Iranian Revolution and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The fact that Irans mullahs were successful in overthrowing the Iranian shah, and thus inserting religious figures in powerful political roles in a nearby country, convinced many Pakistani madrassahs that their schools did not need to modernize to be influential in the region.33 Many completely disregarded implementing the reforms, convinced, more than ever, that religious education was more important to Pakistan than the curriculum endorsed in the 1979 reforms. Such  tumultuous regional events had a profound impact on Pakistan, and complicated the madrassah reform process greatly. In fact, these events led to the expansion of a more extreme curriculum in madrassah, making the schools more threatening to development just as the state sought to reform them. During this time Pakistan became the battleground for an international Sunni versus Shia war. Iran was helping the countrys Shias generate support, while countries like Saudi A rabia were funding Sunni militant groups, often through madrassahs. In competition for the funding being offered by Saudi Arabia, some schools attempted to increase their focus on Wahhabism to ensure they would receive more funding than other madrassahs.34 Slowly, schools evolved from being primarily intellectual and religious institutions to political ones, as more students became involved in the religious revolutions occurring outside their borders. The Iranian Revolution served as a huge inspiration to Pakistans minority Shia population, who, seeing the successful Shia revolution in Iran, grew emboldened in their aspiration for political power. The number of Shias in the country began to increase, as many moderates in the country shifted their allegiance to Shia due to its opposition to Zias aggressive Islamization campaign.35 Zia, a Sunni, saw the rise in Shia activism as a threat to his regime, especially following the 5 July 1980 demonstration in Islamabad where 25,000 Shias v iolently protested the zakat36 law put in place as part of Zias lamization campaign.37 The zakat funds allowed the government to increase funding to schools like madrassahs since they often cater to the underprivileged. In 1984 alone over nine percent of the zakat fund was distributed to 2,273 madrassahs.38 Zias hope was that through these donations the madrassahs would become dependent on the state for their finances and, upon graduation, employment. While some madrassahs eagerly accepted the contributions to their struggling schools, other resented the government oversight and the obligations to the Zia regime that accompanied the zakat funds. They no longer wanted to be dependent on the government for what they viewed as bribes to expand government oversight of religious schools. The reliance on zakat funds, others believed,  had caused voluntary contributions to madrassahs to sharply decline, resulting in an overall loss of income for schools.39 The Shias decided to actively reject the zakat funds, which they believed were contradictory to their faith. Despite wa nting to limit the Shias influence, Zia had to relent to the 1980 protests of the Shia, as they effectively shut down Pakistans capital city. The victory of being exempt from paying zakat to the government inspired many independents in the country to declare themselves Shias. In retribution, Zia funneled more zakat funds into the nations Sunni-controlled madrassahs. The madrassahs became a venue in which Zia could resist the Shia influence, and thus these madrassahs became increasingly anti-Shia. Since Zia actively encouraged this behavior in order to resist the rise in Shias, it is no wonder that the school system became a place in which students grew intolerant of Shias, which led to a more sectarian and aggressive society. For the short-term goal of limiting Shia influence, Zia created a school system that, even   today, remains entrenched in perpetuating an exclusionary worldview, rather than an  accepting and tolerant environment for students. As previously reported, Z ia, in an attempt to recruit the support of the nations ulamas, decided some madrassah degrees would be considered equal to degrees from government schools. This movement correlated to the 1979 reforms, for though Zia wanted to increase employability for madrassah graduates, he wanted to make sure that as professionals the graduates had skills useful in the workplace. Under the assumption they could study Islam and still graduate qualified to work in the government, the number of madrassah graduates skyrocketed. Between 1960 and 1980, over 5,000 ulamas had been trained; following the equivalency certificates in 1981-1985, over 6,000 ulamas graduated-thats 1,000 more graduates in a quarter of the time.40 Though this initiative was intended to provide madrassah graduates with more authority, many new ulama graduates became less interested in the traditional study of Islam, and more concentrated on religious ideology as a means to influence the government. As such, some opened their own madrassahs so that they could funnel more graduates into the government or increasingly powerful political parties.41 In the late 1980s, the country began its decade of democracy. However, rather than economic prosperity and social equality, the decade produced poorer economic conditions and economic stagnation. The recession reduced employment opportunities, and many madrassah graduates who assumed they would secure a job within the government went unemployed. The curriculum many of the new madrassahs implemented left their students unqualified to beat out top students from government or private schools for the few positions available in the government, and it also left them unqualified for traditional ulama positions, which they theoretically could have secured if  they had followed traditional madrassah curricula. Rather than making students qualified for both religious and government work, the 1979 reforms had made students unqualified for either. With no opportunities in government or in religious posts, many new madrassah graduates focused their efforts on pursing their political agendas.42 They abandoned established political parties to form more extreme, militant ones. They also opened their own, more ideologically-minded madrassahs at an accelerated rate, thanks in part to the ncrease in zakat funds given to some madrassahs. While the more established madrassahs largely maintained their traditional curriculums, the madrassahs that were built during this time-especially those close to Afghanistan-were overseen by low ranking ulama who replaced traditional curricula with those that endorsed militarization. The goal of these madrassahs was to train students to become political activists, which they saw as more influential than a traditional ulama Post September 11th, it is clear how this radical momentum leading into the 1990s produced in Pakistan an environment similar to that in Afghanistan which provided Osama bin Laden p rotection and opportunity in planning the September 11th attacks. Why I Chose to Be an Accountant: A Reflection Why I Chose to Be an Accountant: A Reflection Accounting is an information and measurement system that we use for the purpose of identifying, recording, measuring, and communicating relevant and reliable information about an entity to those with an interest in the entity. Accounting is a very challenging and rewarding career with a wide variety of career paths that one can venture in. Accounting is more of a communicating language in the world of business and as a result, the demand for accountants are constantly increasing, making accounting an extremely marketable career path. An accountant, like a majority of other jobs, has the ability to work as an independent accountant or work in a corporate atmosphere. I decided to make a career into the field of accounting in the corporate market, working for a firm and then a private company. My goal is to achieve a position of a CFO or venturing into my own business. When I first heard about accounting I thought it was a generic degree that had only one specific work area inside of a business. However, after speaking to accountants and learning more about the career I learned of several opportunities that are available to an accountant with a Bachelors degree. This can include auditing, bookkeeping, budget analyst, financial accounting, management accounting, tax, and much more. Inside each of these careers, accountants could also find a specific niche that they particularly like. For example, I spoke with a lady who works as a tax consultant but has never done a tax statement in her life because all she does is work with international markets for her company as it pertains to the budgeting for the tax aspect. Auditing is one of the most common areas that accountants have chosen to build their careers in. I believe in this era that we are in today, the work of an auditor is extremely important to ensure that the numbers reported by an entity are accurate and as a result, we, as citizens, are able to invest in companies accordingly. Also, having the ability to audit a company requires in-depth knowledge into the market, legal environment, and the entity. Although I am interested in audit, I would like to start my career in tax. This is because taxation is an extremely important to a company and is extremely limited in regards to acceptance and turnover of employees. I believe to be a qualified tax accountant, an individual must have good knowledge of the necessary kind of government regulations and generally accepted accounting principles. As a tax accountant, I will be first be placed on a team in a tax department, where my duties can include reviewing files and company financial records, preparing ledgers, filling out tax forms, maintaining contact with tax agencies and holding meetings that are related to taxation and strategy (Admin, n.d.). My backup plan is to venture in becoming a forensic accountant with the FBI. I believe with my degree, as well as my military background in the U.S. Marines, I will be a qualified candidate. However, I dont believe in pursuing that as my primary career goal because the government funding is fi ckle as well as the pay, compared to the corporate market. Although tax in many firms, have a low acceptance rate and many companies require you to have at least 2-3 years work experience in the field as well as at least a bachelors degree, I believe I will excel when given the opportunity. This is because not only do I have a passion for it but I also excel in the quantitative areas. As far as the work experience that is required, I will be trying to go through an internship to full-time offer with one of the local firms in Miami, which doesnt require the work experience. With every accounting career field, you are required to work a lot of hours during busy seasons. At times I have heard of accountants working up to 7 days a week for 13-14 hours a day. I believe every qualified accountant expects a salary that is higher than or on par with other undergraduates from a number of business schools. Unfortunately, these expectations are rarely met in the current society. Currently the broad career field of Accountants and Auditors has an average hourly wage is $36.19 with an average annual salary of $75,280 (Labor, 2016).   However, as an entry-level tax accountant, I can realistically expect to earn between $47,568-$59,269 (salary.com, n.d.). Quite a number of students have joined the big accounting firms that pay higher salaries but its usually an average of around $50,000-$60,000. In other words, a lot of qualified accountants will be forced into sectors that dont pay as well. I believe in order to make the most in the beginning of my career, I should try not to fall victim to this lower market of accounts by realizing the dilemma and work and figure out ways to avoid it. One way I hope to avoid this is by completing my Master s in Accounting as well as my CPA. I also believe by doing programs like VITA and internships, will make me a key candidate that will be viewed as having the ability to succeed in any turmoil the company might face. The type of internships I will be looking to acquire internships that will give me experience with software solutions such as Inuit QuickBooks, Sage 50 Accounting, ATX Total Tax Office, CCH ProSystem fx TAX, Delphi Technology, and Oracle E-Business Suite Financial ls (Development, n.d.). Hopefully the internship I will be offered a full-time position in which I believe can help progress my career in one of the corporate offices because of a majority of their corporate promotion structure. I believe this will help mold me into an accountant that will be incredibly marketable in the corporate market. In conclusion, I would say that accounting is the very diverse career path that will forever be in demand. As our world moves more towards global transactions I also believe that we accountants will be in more demand. This is because accountants are a necessity to determine how successful a business entity is, that can be detrimental in determining if a business segment can survive in a new international market, costs needed to allocating, etc. For a successful career in accounting, I should always look for opportunities to mold myself as a capable accountant as well as adapt the new technology advances and learn how to adapt to the changing government regulations and generally accepted accounting principles. References Admin, W. (n.d.). What does a Tax Accountant Do? Retrieved March 27, 2016, from http://www.topaccountingdegrees.org/: http://www.topaccountingdegrees.org/faq/what-does-a-tax-accountant-do/ Development, N. C. (n.d.). Accountants. Retrieved March 22, 2017, from My Next Move: https://www.mynextmove.org/profile/summary/13-2011.01 Labor, U. S. (2016, March 30). www.bls.gov. Retrieved March 22, 2017, from Bureau of Labor Statistics: https://www.mynextmove.org/profile/ext/oesmaps/13-2011.01 salary.com. (n.d.). Tax Accountant | Salaries. Retrieved from salary.com: http://www1.salary.com/Tax-Accountant-I-Salaries.html